• Archaeologists uncover thriving Roman city of Interamna Lirenas, challenging assumptions about the Empire’s decline.
• The settlement flourished 300 years longer than previously believed, surviving the Crisis of the Third Century.
• Advanced excavation techniques reveal a sophisticated urban center with a roofed theater, bathhouses, and a bustling river port.
• Findings suggest many “average” Roman towns may have been far more resilient than historians thought.

For centuries, the ancient Roman city of Interamna Lirenas was dismissed as a forgotten backwater, a failed colony lost to the sands of time. But a groundbreaking 13-year excavation led by the University of Cambridge has turned this narrative on its head, revealing a thriving community that defied the chaos of the Roman Empire’s collapse. Located in central Italy, Interamna Lirenas not only survived the tumultuous Crisis of the Third Century but flourished well into the late third century CE—300 years longer than experts had assumed.

This discovery, published in the 2023 volume Roman Urbanism in Italy, rewrites the story of Rome’s decline, offering a fresh perspective on how ordinary towns adapted to the Empire’s unraveling.

A thriving town in the shadow of collapse

The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE) was a period of unprecedented turmoil for the Roman Empire. Civil wars, barbarian invasions, economic depression, and devastating plagues tore the Empire apart, culminating in its division into three separate political entities: the Roman Empire, the Gallic Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire. Amid this chaos, Interamna Lirenas emerged as a beacon of resilience.

“We started with a site so unpromising that no one had ever tried to excavate it—that’s very rare in Italy,” said Alessandro Launaro, lead researcher on the project. “There was nothing on the surface, no visible evidence of buildings, just bits of broken pottery. But what we discovered wasn’t a backwater, far from it. We found a thriving town adapting to every challenge thrown at it for 900 years.”

Using magnetic and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, Launaro’s team uncovered evidence of a bustling urban center. The city boasted a large warehouse, a temple, a bath complex, and a river port that connected it to major commercial hubs like Aquinum and Minturnae. The port, Launaro explained, was “crucial to the town’s success,” enabling trade and economic stability even as the Empire crumbled.

A roofed theater and imported marbles: symbols of ambition

One of the most striking discoveries was a roofed theater, a rare and sophisticated structure in Roman Italy. Unlike the more common open-air amphitheaters, this theater featured advanced acoustics and architecture, with seating for 1,500 people. Its construction, using imported marbles from across the Mediterranean, signaled the town’s wealth and ambition.

“The fact that this town went for a roofed theatre, such a refined building, does not fit with a backwater in decline,” Launaro said. “This theatre was a major status symbol. It displayed the town’s wealth, power, and ambition.”

The theater’s discovery challenges the long-held assumption that Interamna Lirenas was a declining settlement. Instead, it paints a picture of a vibrant community that invested in its infrastructure and culture, even as the Empire faced existential threats.

Rewriting the timeline of decline

Previous studies of pottery fragments suggested that Interamna Lirenas peaked between the late second century BCE and the early first century CE, then declined rapidly. However, Launaro’s team analyzed tens of thousands of pottery pieces and concluded that the city thrived until the late third century CE.

“Based on the relative lack of imported pottery, archaeologists have assumed that Interamna Lirenas was a declining backwater. We now know that wasn’t the case,” Launaro explained.

The team’s findings suggest that the city’s residents fled only when faced with imminent threats from enemy armies, and even then, the abandonment was gradual rather than sudden. This resilience, Launaro argues, may have been more common than historians realize.

“We’re not saying that this town was special,” he said. “It’s far more exciting than that. We think many other average Roman towns in Italy were just as resilient. It’s just that archaeologists have only recently begun to apply the right techniques and approaches to see this.”

The story of Interamna Lirenas is more than a tale of one city’s survival—it’s a window into the broader resilience of Roman society during its darkest days. Like a tree that bends but does not break in a storm, this ancient town adapted to the pressures of its time, carving out a life of prosperity amid chaos.

As archaeologists continue to refine their techniques, the history of Rome’s decline may need to be rewritten once again. Interamna Lirenas stands as a testament to the ingenuity and determination of ordinary people, reminding us that even in the shadow of collapse, life—and civilization—can endure. In the end, this lost city is not just a relic of the past but a mirror reflecting the enduring spirit of human resilience. Its rediscovery invites us to reconsider not only the fall of Rome but also the quiet strength of those who lived through it.

Sources include:

Dailymail.co.uk

Dailymail.co.uk

AOL.com